Research progress on diagnosis and treatment of immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloi-dosis

Immunoglobulin light-chain （AL） cardiac amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disease in which AL misfording forms amyloid proteins deposited in the heart, leading to cardiac structural abnormality and functional decline. AL cardiac amyloidosis is the most common subtype of cardiac amyloidosis. The onset of cardiac amyloidosis is obscure with diverse clinical manifestations, resulting in a high misdiagnosis rate and missed diagnosis rate. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can cause a high mortality rate, which captivates widespread attention from clinicians. As the existing diagnostic and therapeutic techniques persistently advance, the early diagnostic rate has been significantly enhanced. Early diagnosis and treatment can considerably improve the clinical prognosis and quality of life and lower the mortality rate of patients with cardiac amyloidosis. In this review, the research progress on the diagnosis and treatment of AL cardiac amyloidosis were systemically summarized from the perspectives of clinical manifestations, imaging, laboratory and histopathological examinations, aiming to elevate the diagnosis and treatment of AL cardiac amyloidosis.