Abstract: In the central nervous system, microglia account for about 10% of the total number of cells. They are the main immune cells in the nervous system, responsible for immune surveILlance, inflammatory response, and removal of harmful substances. When the nervous system is damaged, infected, or inflammatory, microglia are activated into macrophage-like cells and release inflammatory mediators and cytokines. These molecules can guide the migration of immune cells, regulate inflammatory responses, and participate in the repair and recovery process. In this review, we mainly focus on the activation and mechanism of microglia in the inflammatory response of the nervous system, further explain the inflammatory response process of the nervous system and the role of microglia in some specific neurological diseases.