Abstract: Sea cucumber polypeptides have garnered significant attention in the treatment of neurological diseases due to their unique structure and diverse biological activities. Recent studies have shown that sea cucumber polypeptides possess biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune modulation, effectively reducing neural inflammation and oxidative stress on nerve cells, thereby protecting neurons. Specifically, the mechanisms by which sea cucumber polypeptides act in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke, have become focal points of research in recent years. These polypeptides can positively impact neurodegenerative changes by suppressing inflammatory responses, modulating neurotransmitter levels, and promoting neuroregeneration. Despite promising findings, current studies are mainly focused on in vitro and animal experiments, with relatively limited clinical research evidence； thus, further exploration of their safety and efficacy is required. This paper reviews the primary biological activities of sea cucumber polypeptides and their recent advancements in applications to neurological diseases, providing references for future research and clinical application.