Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of thymosin β10 gene （TMSB10） promoting the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma （PTC）. Methods The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis （GEPIA） database was used to analyze highly expressed genes in PTC and their expression levels across different T and N stages. Real-time quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR） was employed to detect the differential expression of TMSB10 in the human thyroid follicular epithelial cell line Nthy-ori 3-1 and PTC cell lines （BCPAP, TPC-1, KTC-1, BHT101）. Western blot was used to measure the expression differences of TMSB10 protein in each group. Short hairpin （sh） RNA sequences （sh-TMSB10-NC, sh-TMSB10-1, sh-TMSB10-2 vectors） were constructed in 293T cells and transfected into TPC-1 and BCPAP cells to knock down TMSB10 expression, which was validated by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK-8） assay, and cell invasion ability was measured using the Transwell assay. Results GEPIA database analysis revealed that TMSB10 was highly expressed in PTC, with statistically significant differences across different T and N stages （all P < 0.05）. Compared to Nthy-ori 3-1 cells, TMSB10 was highly expressed in PTC cell lines, with statistically significant differences （all P < 0.05）. The proliferation and invasion abilities of the sh-TMSB10-1 and sh-TMSB10-2 groups were significantly reduced compared to the sh-TMSB10-nc group （P < 0.05）. Conclusions TMSB10 is highly expressed in PTC, which enhances the proliferation and invasion abilities of PTC cells, promoting its progression.