Objective To understand the cognitive influencing factors affecting the use of epinephrine by medical staff for the treatment of serve allergic reactions and the current state of research at home and abroad. Methods Using searching terms such as “adrenaline” “anaphylactic shock”“severe anaphylactic reaction”“allergic reaction”“epinephine”“anaphylaxis”in Chinese and English. Literature review was performed from China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， Chongqing VIP Database， PubMed， Web of Science. The retrieval time is from the inception of the databases to July 20， 2024. Literature contents were extracted and analyzed. Results A total of nine articles were retrieved， and eight international studies showed that there were differences in the correct use of adrenaline in patients with severe allergic reactions among medical staff of different professions， levels of hospitals， ages， and years of service. Through targeted training and education， the correct use rate of adrenaline by medical staff in the treatment of severe allergic reactions could be significantly improved. Only one Chinese study suggested that clinicians and nurses had severe cognitive deficiencies in the proper use of adrenaline. Conclusion Medical staff have varying degrees of cognitive insufficiency of correct use of adrenaline for the treatment of severe allergic reactions， which is influenced by multiple factors.

In 2024， significant progress has been made globally in the research of cerebral small vessel disease （cSVD）， particularly in genetic mechanisms， clinical typing， biomarkers and treatment strategies. However， challenges remain in terms of pathological complexity， insufficient specificity of biomarkers， and limited therapeutic means. Protein aggregates containing both wild-type and mutant NOTCH3 are key drivers of arterial pathology in CADASIL. Research on the staging of NOTCH3-related cSVD severity demonstrated that CADASIL can be clinically divided into 5 stages and 9 phases. For acute cerebral infarction thrombolysis in CADASIL， the risk of intravenous thrombolysis-related hemorrhage is relatively low due to the small volume of cerebral infarction. Progress has also been made in blood-based biomarkers for cSVD. Regarding the imaging biomarkers of cSVD， perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia， water diffusion fraction， and DTI-ALPS independently promote the burden of cSVD and cognitive decline. In the field of cerebral amyloid angiopathy （CAA）， studies have shown that anxiety can exacerbate neutrophil NETosis and promote the progression of CAA， opening new avenues for research on the role of neuroinflammation exacerbated by negative emotions in the pathogenesis of cSVD. In CAA combined with Alzheimer’s disease （AD）， 289 proteins showed different levels in CAA （+） vessels of AD patients， with associations to increased collagen-containing extracellular matrix， reduced ribonucleoprotein complexes， and decreased BBB proteins. SGLT2 and SGLT1 inhibition plays a protective role in the development of cSVD. This review introduces the progress in both the basic and clinical research of cSVD in 2024.

In recent years， the incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma （PTC） in China has increased significantly. Thus， it is necessary to standardize the procedures of diagnosis， treatment and follow-up. Thyroid Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University （consisted of Department of Ultrasound， Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery， Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery， Department of Endocrinology， Department of Nuclear Medicine， Department of Medical Oncology， Department of Pathology， and Department of Radiology） referred to the 2015 American Thyroid Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adult thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer， the 2021 Chinese society of clinical oncology thyroid guidelines， China Anti-Cancer Association guidelines for holistic integrative management of thyroid cancer （2022 version） combined with clinical front-line work experience， aimed at the pre-operative diagnosis process of papillary thyroid cancer， fine needle aspiration pathology reporting standards， the indications and complication of radical treatments such as open surgery， endoscopic surgery， thermal ablation treatment for newly diagnosed PTC， the standards and processes of ¹³¹I treatments with intents of thyroid clearance， adjuvant therapy， and focal cleaning treatment， postoperative dynamic evaluation， and TSH inhibition treatment， etc.， and finally built the integrated diagnosis and treatment path of PTC （initial treatment）. Hereby we released this guideline.

With the continuous development of science and technology， 3D printing technology has been widely used in the medical field. Especially in the field of dental prosthetics and implants， 3D printing technology provides patients with more accurate， minimally invasive， fast and personalized solutions. This review discussed the application of 3D printing technology in oral prosthesis implantation， including its principle， advantages， application scope and future development trend， aiming to provide a reference for the clinical use of 3D printing technology.

In the central nervous system， microglia account for about 10% of the total number of cells. They are the main immune cells in the nervous system， responsible for immune surveILlance， inflammatory response， and removal of harmful substances. When the nervous system is damaged， infected， or inflammatory， microglia are activated into macrophage-like cells and release inflammatory mediators and cytokines. These molecules can guide the migration of immune cells， regulate inflammatory responses， and participate in the repair and recovery process. In this review， we mainly focus on the activation and mechanism of microglia in the inflammatory response of the nervous system， further explain the inflammatory response process of the nervous system and the role of microglia in some specific neurological diseases.

Autism research is evolving from a medical paradigm， which emphasizes deficits and interventions， to a neurodiversity paradigm that values autism as an integral part of human diversity. Historically， the medical paradigm’s focus on “rescue” efforts has distanced researchers from the autistic community， often failing to address the community’s real needs. In contrast， the neurodiversity paradigm advocates a comprehensive understanding of autism and the adoption of participatory research practices. This shift encourages active collaboration between researchers and autistic individuals， fostering inclusive knowledge production that is both meaningful and impactful for the autistic community. However， achieving this collaborative approach requires dismantling social barriers， such as power imbalances， that hinders effective partnership. This article explores the principles and practice of a neurodiversity-aligned participatory research approach and proposes a co-production framework designed to support researchers and the autistic community in advancing autism research that is relevant， respectful， and responsive.

The incidence of allergic diseases is gradually increasing， and multi-system allergic diseases often co-occur in the same patient. It is very important to conduct comprehensive diagnosis and treatment with high quality， high efficiency， reasonable and standardized. The multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment provides a new way to solve the complicated and difficult comorbidities of allergic comorbidity and multimorbidity， which is an effective supplement to the traditional diagnosis and treatment mode， and is also the development trend of the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. At present， the multi-disciplinary treatment of allergic comorbidity and multimorbidity is still in the exploratory stage at home and abroad， and has not yet formed a mature system or a operation mode. Based on the clinical exploration and practical experience of allergic disease expert team of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University， this paper expounds the construction and implementation of the multi-disciplinary treatment system for allergic comorbidity and multimorbidity from the aspects of implementation objectives， organizational structure， basic requirements， operation mode， procedure， system guarantee， quality control and so on. Establishing a standardized， mature and perfect multi-disciplinary treatment system for allergic comorbidity and multimorbidity and ensuring its effective operation and implementation will help to improve the level of multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment for allergic comorbidity and multimorbidity.

Objective To identify lactylation-related molecular subtypes， construct a prognostic model， and predict immunotherapy efficacy in ovarian cancer （OC）. Methods The prognostic significance of lactylation-related genes （LRGs） was analyzed using data from TCGA-OV， GSE63885， and GSE26193 datasets. Unsupervised clustering identified four distinct lactylation-related clusters （LRGClusters）. Differential expression and Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analyses were performed for these clusters. Using univariate Cox regression analysis （P < 0.0001）， five prognostic-related genes （PRGs） were identified. The expression levels of these PRGs in normal ovarian tissues， as well as early and advanced-stage ovarian cancer tissues were validated via RT-qPCR. Based on the five PRGs， a second round of unsupervised clustering was conducted to identify two gene clusters （geneClusters）， and a prognostic scoring system， termed LactyScore， was developed. Immune cell infiltration， immunotherapy response， and drug sensitivity analyses were then performed based on LactyScore stratification. Results Four LRGClusters and two geneClusters were identified. Five differentially expressed genes including COL16A1， SPEN， AHDC1， LUZP1， and SDF2L1 were significantly associated with prognosis of OC patients. RT-qPCR indicated that SPEN， COL16A1， AHDC1， and LUZP1 were the potential risk factors for poor prognosis， whereas SDF2L1 might serve as a protective factor. Based on these PRGs， the LactyScore prognostic scoring system was established. Survival analysis revealed that patients in the high LactyScore group exhibited significantly better overall survival compared to those in the low LactyScore group. Moreover， patients with a high LactyScore showed increased immune evasion potential and lower response rates to immunotherapy. Conclusions Five prognostic genes including COL16A1， SPEN， AHDC1， LUZP1， and SDF2L1 are associated with OC and these genes demonstrate their potential as biomarkers for OC. Furthermore， the development of the robust LactyScore system offers an accurate tool for predicting OC prognosis and immunotherapy responsiveness， providing insights for personalized therapeutic strategies.

Chronic nasal inflammation， such as rhinitis and sinusitis， is a common chronic disease that affects people’s quality of life for a long period of time. Its pathogenesis and mechanism are still unclear. The establishment of animal models is an effective approach to explore the pathogenesis， among which the establishment of mouse models of chronic nasal inflammation has been rapidly developed in recent years. The aim of this review is to summarize the research status of chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis modeling in mice at home and abroad， especially the progress in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis mouse models， which plays an important role in the development of new drugs to prevent and control chronic nasal inflammation or further elucidation of its pathogenesis.

The “Enhanced perceptual functioning model” and the “Veridical mapping model” have been proposed to explain the presence and nature of special abilities in autism. Here， we propose an important update to these two models， by combining them with autistic idiosyncratic language development. The “special abilities” of individuals with autism are achieved by redirecting language analyzers toward structured， yet socially unbiased material， which explains how these special skills extend language processing to materials beyond language. Calendar calculation serves as a test of this theory， in which language analyzers are redirected to calendars， a possible consequence of non-social learning. Non-social learning itself results from the bifurcation caused by the absence of social bias in overall information processing. The longitudinal and operational properties of calendar calculation are analogous to the language learning and processing characteristics of neurotypical populations. Combining the “hijacking” of human language analyzer and directing it towards non-communicative， language-like material provides a concise explanation for the common features of most autistic special abilities and integrates and enriches the “Veridical mapping model”.

Atopic dermatitis （AD） is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by dry skin， recurrent itching， and eczema-like lesions， which can significantly reduce the quality of life. In recent years， the global prevalence of AD has been increasing， with a particularly marked rise in China. Research has shown that air pollutants can damage the skin barrier through mechanisms like oxidative stress， thereby increasing the risk of AD. Various exposure factors， including diet and allergens， also significantly influence the onset and progression of AD through different mechanisms. Furthermore， psychological factors such as anxiety and stress can exacerbate AD through neuroendocrine regulation. Obesity is closely associated with AD， particularly among children and adolescents. Given the diversity of factors and mechanisms influencing AD， a comprehensive approach to primary prevention that considers multiple factors is warranted.

Persons with prototypical autism often present unique strengths that traditional intelligence assessments overlook， together with absence of oral language at the preschool age. Here， we propose a strengths-based approach in understanding and engaging with non-verbal autistic children. It emphasizes recognizing unique intellectual abilities often masked by communication challenges and conventional understanding of repetitive behaviors. By observing these children’s interests in structured objects， patterns， and screens， caregivers and clinicians can gain insights into their cognitive potential. We then present methods to leverage autistic strengths to support wellbeing of the families， including using “lateral tutorship” —a non-intrusive， side-by-side engagement method—as a way to connect with autistic children， respecting and utilizing their intrinsic learning style.

This review provides an overview of the evolution and perceptions of the concept of autism within Western and Chinese contexts， as well as the perceptions of various groups toward official and related terminology. It emphasize the importance of language in constructing social cognition and values of autism， offering a guide to the translation， interpretation and usage of autism-related languages in Chinese. The discourse in the West surrounding “person-first language” and “identity-first language” reflects divergent perspectives on identity within the autistic community. In the Chinese context， the discourse on autism is largely led by professionals， with societal understanding of autism often shaped by medical and charity perspectives. Different Chinese users construct and perceive autism-related terms in diverse ways. The medical terms “孤独症” （gūdú zhèng） and “自闭症” （zìbì zhèng） carry stigmatizing connotations， especially “zìbì zhèng，” which， due to its negative association with self-imposed isolation， is often linked with negative labels such as “dangers” or “burdens.” Terms like “星星的孩子” （xīngxīng de háizi） and “闭娃” （bì wá）， despite their popularity， are criticized by the autistic community for their romanticized and demeaning connotations， and for overlooking adult autistic individuals. The term “孤独症谱系障碍” （gūdú zhèng pǔxì zhàng’ài） is preferred for its lesser stigmatizing implications. Autistic individuals prefer neutral and non-pathologizing expressions. This review calls for discussions of autism in the Chinese context to focus on individual experiences， respect their subjectivity， reflect on potential ableist tendencies， and promote the concept of neurodiversity， to foster a more comprehensive and inclusive societal understanding and acceptance of autistic people.

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide （FeNO） is a biomarker of type 2 inflammation， and produced by nitric oxide synthase （NOS） expressed on the airway epithelial cells， with the substrates of L-arginine and oxygen. Type 2 cytokines such as interleukin （IL）-4 and IL-13 can up-regulate inducible NOS， which results in the abundant production of NO. NO plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma， and is closely associated with the airway inflammation and remodeling， reduction of lung function and eosinophil infiltration， etc. The technique of FeNO test is applied in the clinical diagnosis of asthma， predicting the response to steroids and evaluating the compliance of asthmatic patients. In recent years， it also plays a guiding role in choosing the optimal biologics for individual therapy for patients of asthma. As a non-invasive， convenient， and economical method， the role of FeNO in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma will be better understood and applied.

Adolescent depressive disorders are not only associated with the problematic use of mobile phones by adolescents themselves but also with the frequent use of mobile phones by their parents. The latter may indirectly increase the risk of depression in adolescents by affecting the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs and their self-esteem levels. This article focuses on exploring the ways in which adolescents use mobile phones and the impact of high-frequency mobile phone use by adolescent parents on adolescent depressive disorders. It also emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research and suggests a comprehensive prevention of adolescent depressive disorders due to problematic mobile phone use through technological interventions， as well as at the levels of schools， communities， and society. The aim is to provide new ideas for early detection and improving treatment outcomes.

In clinical practice， the application of surface disinfectants for skin disinfection is a prerequisite for venipuncture. Chlorhexidine， a widely recognized disinfectant， is frequently employed for this purpose. However， during intravenous infusions， minute quantities of chlorhexidine can be inadvertently introduced into the bloodstream via the puncture needle， potentially precipitating immediate-type （type ） hypersensitivity reactions. Regrettably， these reactions are often erroneously attributed to administered medications， such as antibiotics， which can result in both misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. This article details a case of an allergic reaction that occurred subsequent to multiple intravenous infusions and was ultimately identified as chlorhexidine-induced after antibiotic allergy was ruled out. The objective of this report is to deepen the clinical physcians’ comprehension of chlorhexidine-induced allergies in the context of infusion-related allergic reactions， thereby offering a valuable reference for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment strategies.

Objective To explore the intervention dilemma of autistic children and their parents’ upbringing and growth experience， aiming to provide evidence for family support measures. Methods Through a descriptive phenomenological study， semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 parents of children with autism from January to April 2023 at Child Development and Behavior Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. And data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s 7-step method. Results The intervention dilemmas of children with autism were distilled into two themes： lack of knowledge and resources， and intra-family conflict and disagreement. The parenting and growth experiences of parents were distilled into three themes： inclusive and tenacious mentality， multi-dimensional improvement of ability， and family members’ reconstruction of self and life value. Conclusions Parents of children with autism face intervention dilemmas while having positive caring growth experiences. Supporting children with autism and helping parents positively cope with challenges is crucial.

Objective To evaluate the value of lacrimal gland herniation（LGH）in judging the activity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy（TAO）and predicting the efficacy of glucocorticoids. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 238 patients with TAO who were hospitalized at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases，the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University，from January 2014 to November 2022. Magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）was used to measure LGH and its differences were compared among different activity groups. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between LGH and the clinical activity score（CAS）. The effectiveness of LGH in staging TAO activity was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curve. Follow-up was performed on 92 patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy to analyze the differences in LGH between the different efficacy groups. The influencing factors of efficacy were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results The LGH of patients in the active group was higher than that in the non-active group（P < 0.05）. Spearman rank correlation analysis results showed a positive correlation between LGH and CAS score（P < 0.05）. The ROC curve analysis showed that the staging efficacy of LGH for TAO activity was optimal when the cut-off value of LGH was 9.78 mm，with an area under the curve（AUC）of 0.703，sensitivity of 78.9%，and specificity of 54.8%. Combining external ocular muscle thickness（EOMT）with LGH further improved staging efficacy，with an AUC of 0.752，sensitivity of 62.7%，and specificity of 78.1%. The AUC for the combined EOMT and LGH was greater than that for LGH alone（Z = 2.052，P < 0.05）. In the glucocorticoid treatment efficacy group，LGH was lower than in the ineffective group（P < 0.05）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that LGH was an independent predictor of efficacy（P < 0.05）. Conclusions The LGH of TAO patients is correlated with the CAS score and can be used as a good indicator to judge the activity of TAO. The combination of LGH and EOMT can effectively improve the staging efficacy of TAO，thus providing effective assistance for precise clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of total serum immunoglobulin E （IgE） levels， eosinophil （EOS） count and percentage in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis （AR）， and to construct a diagnostic model for preliminary diagnosis of AR by combining total serum IgE and EOS. Methods Clinical data of 305 AR patients and 256 non-AR patients admitted to Department of Otolaryngology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from April 2023 to April 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The general information， total serum IgE level， EOS count and percentage were compared between two groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to screen for suitable indicators to construct the predictive model， and the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve was plotted. The area under the ROC curve （AUC） was used to determine the predictive value of this model. Clinical data from 216 patients with and without AR admitted to Department of Otolaryngology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2019 to June 2022 were collected for external validation. Stratification analysis was performed according to age [adolescent group （≤ 18 years old）， youth group （19-45 years old）， middle-aged group （46-60 years old）， and elderly group （> 60 years old）]， respectively. Results The percentage of EOS and total serum IgE level were the influencing factors of AR in the overall and all age groups. The combined diagnostic model for all patients was： Logit P = -4.174+6.856EOS count+ 0.048total serum IgE. Diagnostic model in adolescent group was： Logit P = -4.472+0.637EOS percentage+0.034total serum IgE； youth group： Logit P = -4.491+0.372EOS percentage+0.068total serum IgE； middle-aged group： Logit P = -4.759+5.768EOS count+ 0.062total serum IgE； elderly group： Logit P = -4.888+0.855EOS percentage+0.028total serum IgE， respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test， ROC curve analysis and external validation all indicated that this model had high diagnostic value. Conclusion The combination of total serum IgE levels and EOS count demonstrates good diagnostic value for AR in different age groups， which can be used to guide preliminary diagnosis of AR.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of 4-week cluster immunotherapy with house dust mite extracts in patients allergic to house dust mites. Methods From August 2022 to May 2024， 80 patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis， complicated with or without asthma， were recruited from multiple centers （including Peking Union Medical College， et al） to undergo 4-week dose-escalation subcutaneous cluster immunotherapy with house dust mites. Patient symptoms， medication use， quality of life， asthma control test （ACT） results， as well as local and systemic adverse reactions were recorded at 0， 1， 6， and 12 months， respectively. Results Significant differences were observed in the daily total symptom scores （P < 0.001）， daily nasal scores （P < 0.001）， daily ocular scores （P = 0.009）， and total symptom and medication scores （P = 0.003） across different time points during cluster immunotherapy， respectively. Significant differences were also found in the activity RQLQ （P < 0.001）， sleep RQLQ （P = 0.002）， non-eye/nose symptom RQLQ （P = 0.032）， practical problems RQLQ （P < 0.001）， nasal symptom RQLQ （P < 0.001）， emotional RQLQ （P = 0.011）， total RQLQ （P < 0.001）， and children’s ACT scores （P < 0.001）， respectively. The longer the time， the lower the score. During the dose-escalation period， 22 patients （27.5%） experienced local adverse reactions， and 5 patients （6.3%） experienced systemic adverse reactions. A total of 35 （3.6%） injections resulted in adverse reactions， including 27 （2.8%） injections with local reactions and 8 （0.8%） injections with systemic reactions. Conclusion Four-week cluster immunotherapy with house dust mites shows significant efficacy in patients allergic to house dust mites.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway involving multiple inflammatory cells and cytokines. Severe asthma is characterized by recurrent attacks and persistent symptoms such as coughing， chest tightness， shortness of breath， and wheezing， etc.， which are difficult to be alleviated and have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. At present， the standard therapy of combining high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators is recommended， but asthma symptoms of certain patients cannot be fully controlled， which is primarily related to persistent type 2 inflammation. For severe asthma patients with persistent type 2 inflammation， biological targeted drugs can be chosen. Biological targeted therapy can significantly mitigate symptoms， reduce the frequency of acute exacerbations and oral use of corticosteroids， bringing new hope to asthma patients with severe type 2 inflammation. This article reviews the research progress in biological targeted therapy for type 2 inflammation in patients with bronchial asthma.

Objective To explore the effects of Thymosin β4 （Tβ4） on the lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced polarization tendency of murine monocyte-macrophage RAW264.7 cells and its influence on inflammatory responses. Methods An inflammation model was established by LPS induction in RAW264.7 cells. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. The concentrations of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6）] were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Nitric oxide （NO） secretion in the cell culture supernatant was detected using the Griess method. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） was employed to detect mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2）， TNF-α， and IL-6. Western blotting was used to analyze protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， NF-κB， phosphorylated NF-κB （p-NF-κB）， NF-κB inhibitor α （IκB-α）， and phosphorylated IκBα （p-IκB-α）. The polarization status of macrophages was observed using double fluorescence staining. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine NF-κB localization and expression. Results After treatment with 1 000 μg/L Tβ4 for 24 hours， the cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells was 90.2%， showing a statistically significant difference compared to the blank control group （P < 0.05）. Tβ4 at various concentrations effectively inhibited NO production （all P < 0.000 1）. Tβ4 decreased the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines（TNF-α and IL-6） and NO in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory model. It also downregulated mRNA expression of NF-κB， COX-2， TNF-α， and IL-6， as well as protein expression of iNOS， p-NF-κB， and p-IκBα. Additionally， Tβ4 inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation and decreased CD80 expression （all P < 0.05）. Conclusion Tβ4 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects， the mechanisms of which may be associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and suppression of macrophage M1 polarization.

Objective To evaluate the effect of syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine on intestinal flora and metabolomics in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia（CAP）after discharge from the hospital. Methods Nineteen elderly patients with CAP（11 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group）who were discharged from from the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between December 2022 and November 2023 and 16 healthy volunteers were randomly selected. Plasma and fecal samples were collected. The changes in gut microbiota were analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Plasma metabolomics research was conducted using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology. Results Based on the intestinal flora assay，at the phylum level，the abundance of Campylobacter species and Desulfovibrio phylum was increased after treatment（both P < 0.05）；at the genus level，the genera of Fusiform streptococcus，Trichoderma sphaericornutum group NK4A136，Desulfovibrio unclassified，and Prevotella anomalies were significantly elevated（all P < 0.05）. Based on untargeted metabolomics assay，the treatment improved patients’ metabolite levels of L-tryptophan，malonate，and glycine，which are mainly involved in glycine，serine，and threonine metabolism，aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis，and purine metabolism pathways. In the joint analysis of intestinal flora and plasma differential metabolites，Patella species showed a significantly negative correlation with adenine after treatment（P = 0.006）；Fusobacterium spp. showed a significantly negative correlation with 4，6-dihydroxyquinoline（P = 0.003）；and Lactobacillus spp. showed a significantly positive correlation with adenosine phosphorothioate（P = 0.004）. Conclusions In post-discharge elderly CAP patients，syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine may exert therapeutic effects by improving the structure of intestinal microbial species，increasing the relative abundance of probiotics and decreasing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria，and influencing the pathways associated with the metabolism of amino acids，proteins and energy.

Allergen specific immunotherapy （AIT） is the only etiological treatment method that alters the course of allergic diseases by inducing allergen-specific immune tolerance. Subcutaneous specific immunotherapy （SCIT）， due to its standardized process and high-quality control， has become the most predominant desensitization method in major allergy centers across the country. However， there are limitations in the initial phase of conventional treatment plans， requiring patients to return to the hospital weekly for injections， which involves a high number of needle sticks and a lengthy duration. Consequently， clinical practitioners have been continuously exploring optimized treatment strategies for SCIT. Dust mites are the most common inhalant allergens causing sensitization in children， this article reviews the different optimization strategies and clinical application progress of dust mite allergen SCIT in children， aiming to provide a more comprehensive clinical basis for the implementation of SCIT.After reviewing the literature， it was found that compared with the conventional treatment regimen， the accelerated escalation regimen was helpful to improve treatment compliance. However， at present， the sample size of studies such as rush immunotherapy and single accelerated concentration escalation schemes is generally small， so large-scale studies with larger sample size and more complete research are still needed to provide reliable data support.

Objective To explore the prevalence of hyperuricemia and hypouricemia in patients with psoriasis and explore their potential impact on the occurrence of cardiovascular disease（CVD）. Methods Patients with psoriasis who were hospitalized in the Department of Dermatology at the First People’s Hospital of Kashi Prefecture from January 2022 to September 2023 were enrolled. Clinical data and laboratory test results were collected. The occurrence of hypouricemia，hyperuricemia，and cardiovascular disease（CVD）among these patients was analyzed. Clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without CVD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the associations between serum uric acid levels and the risk of CVD. Results A total of 206 psoriasis patients were included in the study. The mean age was（52.0±13.7）years and 130 patients（63.1%）were male. 33 patients（16.0%）had comorbid cardiovascular disease（CVD）. The prevalence of hyperuricemia and hypouricemia was 26.2% and 10.2%，respectively. Compared with patients with normal uric acid levels，those with hyperuricemia had a higher prevalence of CVD（27.8% vs. 9.2%，P = 0.011），and similarly，patients with hypouricemia also had an increased prevalence of CVD（28.6% vs. 9.2%，P = 0.001），even without higher traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Compared with psoriasis patients without CVD，those with CVD showed higher proportions of hyperuricemia（45.5% vs. 22.5%），hypouricemia（18.2% vs. 8.8%），hypertension（63.3% vs. 13.3%），diabetes（30.3% vs. 8.1%），total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L（39.4% vs. 20.8%），and hsCRP> 5 mg/L（57.6% vs. 27.7%）（all P < 0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that，compared with patients with normal uric acid levels，both hyperuricemia（OR=1.668，95%CI 1.022-2.722，P = 0.041）and hypouricemia（OR=4.520，95%CI 1.210-16.877，P = 0.025）were independent risk factors for CVD in patients with psoriasis. Conclusions Both hyperuricemia and hypouricemia may be potential risk factors of CVD in patients with psoriasis.

Immunotherapy has achieved good efficacy in clinical anti-tumor therapy， especially chimeric antigen receptor T cell （CAR-T cell） therapy， as an emerging tumor immunotherapy， has achieved breakthrough efficacy in the clinical treatment of hematologic malignancies. However， CAR-T cell face the problem of gradual exhaustion during the treatment process， especially in the treatment of solid tumors， which will lead to poor anti-tumor efficacy and possible risks such as recurrence. This paper analyzed the possible mechanism of CAR-T cell exhaustion and describes the relevant research progress in inhibiting CAR-T cell exhaustion， with a view to designing reasonable therapeutic strategies to reduce CAR-T cell exhaustion and improve the efficacy of CAR-T cell.

Sea cucumber polypeptides have garnered significant attention in the treatment of neurological diseases due to their unique structure and diverse biological activities. Recent studies have shown that sea cucumber polypeptides possess biological activities such as antioxidant， anti-inflammatory， and immune modulation， effectively reducing neural inflammation and oxidative stress on nerve cells， thereby protecting neurons. Specifically， the mechanisms by which sea cucumber polypeptides act in neurological diseases， including Alzheimer’s disease， Parkinson’s disease， and stroke， have become focal points of research in recent years. These polypeptides can positively impact neurodegenerative changes by suppressing inflammatory responses， modulating neurotransmitter levels， and promoting neuroregeneration. Despite promising findings， current studies are mainly focused on in vitro and animal experiments， with relatively limited clinical research evidence； thus， further exploration of their safety and efficacy is required. This paper reviews the primary biological activities of sea cucumber polypeptides and their recent advancements in applications to neurological diseases， providing references for future research and clinical application.

Objective To evaluate the performance of two categories of generative artificial intelligence （AI） in generating abdominal radiology reports， and compare with the performance of radiologists. Methods The radiology reports of 300 patients who underwent abdominal CT scan and MRI in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from June 2023 to May 2024 were retrospectively studied. The generative AI models of ERNIE 4.0 and Claude 3.5 Sonnet were utilized to re-generate radiology reports of 300 patients. Five radiologists evaluated the comprehensiveness， accuracy， expressiveness， hallucinations， and acceptance without revision of the impressions using a five-point Likert scale. Friedman test and Nemenyi test were used to compare the performance between two models and radiologists. Results CT and MRI reports from 300 patients were evaluated. For comprehensiveness，Claude 3.5 Sonnet was on a par with human physicians， and both were superior to ERNIE 4.0 （scores of 4.86±0.37 vs. 4.76±0.46 vs. 4.40±0.64； comparison between the first two， P = 0.200， comparison between the first two and the third， both P < 0.01）. For accuracy， Radiologists outperformed both ERNIE 4.0 and Claude 3.5 Sonnet （scores of 4.96±0.22 vs. 4.66±0.57 vs. 4.69±0.57； comparison between the first and the latter two， both P < 0.01）. For acceptance without revision， Claude 3.5 Sonnet was on a par with human physicians， and both were superior to ERNIE 4.0 （scores of 4.64±0.53 vs. 4.69±0.54 vs. 4.30±0.59； comparison between the first two， P = 0.595， comparison between the first two and the third， both P < 0.01）. Expressiveness and hallucinations metrics showed minimal variations among the three （all P > 0.05）. Conclusions Claude 3.5 Sonnet yields comparable performance to radiologists in generating radiology reports， indicating that advanced generative AI has the potential to assist radiologists， improve the work efficiency and reduce cognitive burden.

Dermatophytosis is distributed worldwide， with a global prevalence of 20%-25%， while allergic diseases have a high prevalence of 10%-45% in the global population. In recent years， research on the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis， atopic dermatitis， and asthma has been reported successively， highlighting a previously overlooked relationship between dermatophytes and allergic diseases. This review summarizes the research progress on fungal allergens， the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases， as well as the mechanisms of interaction， aiming to provide insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis and allergic diseases.

The residual neurological dysfunction after traumatic spinal cord injury seriously affects the life status and quality of life of patients. With the rapid development of biomedical technology at home and abroad， there have been a variety of neuroregulatory techniques， including electrical stimulation， magnetic stimulation， ultrasonic stimulation and near-infrared laser stimulation， but the effect is different. This paper reviews the application and mechanism of various neuroregulatory techniques in the field of traumatic spinal cord injury，to provide guidance basis for future basic research and clinical application.

Free fatty acids are important substances for regulating energy metabolism in the body and mainly exert their functions by binding to G protein-coupled receptors（GPRs）on the cell membrane. GPR120 is the receptor for medium and long-chain free fatty acids in mammals. Studies have found that the activation of GPR120 on endothelial cells，vascular smooth muscle cells，and monocytes/macrophages can reduce monocyte adhesion，promote cholesterol efflux from foam cells，regulate the migration and differentiation of macrophages，and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions，potentially resisting atherosclerosis. This article reviews the molecular structure，tissue distribution，ligand types，signal transduction pathways of GPR120，and its research progress in anti-atherosclerotic diseases，aiming to reveal the molecular mechanism of GPR120 in resisting atherosclerosis and its potential value as a therapeutic target.

Based on the high target-to-background ratio（TBR），new imaging agents targeting fibroblast activation protein（FAP）have shown better imaging effects in a variety of tumors. In recent years，with in-depth research，FAP inhibitor（FAPI）has shown great application prospects in tumor imaging and treatment. It can be used as a supplement to the mainstream metabolic imaging agent ¹⁸F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose（¹⁸F-FDG），which provides the possibility of more efficient combination of tumor metabolism and tumor stroma visualization in the future. It is helpful to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment more accurately. This article mainly reviews the application of new FAP imaging agents in various tumors，compares them with existing radiological diagnostic methods，and summarizes the clinical application progress and future potential of tracers specifically targeting FAPI in tumors and non-specific tissues.

Currently， tumor and radiotherapy can result in physiological and functional damage to the salivary glands， significantly impacting the physiological and psychological well-being of patients. The repair of salivary gland injuries remains a challenging aspect of clinical treatment. Tissue regeneration engineering through cytokine-mediated stem cell directed differentiation offers a novel therapeutic approach for addressing salivary gland injuries. Embryonic stem cells （ESC） and induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSC）， with their potential for multidirectional differentiation and self-renewal， play a crucial role in regenerating and repairing salivary gland tissue. Building upon studies on classical tridermal differentiation of ESC/iPSC mediated by cytokines， this paper provides an extensive review on the research progress and future prospects of utilizing cytokine-mediated stem cell differentiation for salivary gland regeneration.

Objective To evaluate clinical efficacy of chronic disease management based on a case management model in patients with allergic bronchial asthma. Methods Patients with allergic bronchial asthma admitted to the outpatient of Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital from February 2020 to February 2023 were retrospectively included. The effect of case management on asthma symptom control and lung function was analyzed by tracking the asthma symptom control （ACT） score and lung function at 1， 3， 6 and 12 months after case management. Results A total of 175 patients with allergic asthma were included， comprising 70 male （40%） and 105 female （60%）， with a mean age of （45.58±13.78） years. Among these patients， 139 （79.4%） cases were complicated with allergic rhinitis. Pulmonary function parameters， including FEV₁%pred， FEV₁， FEV₁/FVC， MMEF75/25%pred and PEF， were improved significantly from （87.09±18.56）%， （2.65±0.88） L， （75.09±11.93）%， 52.20% （34.70%， 69.30%）， and （6.65±1.94） L/s to （97.80±13.81）%， （2.96±0.76） L， （84.72±11.18）%， 69.20% （53.70%， 86.90%）， and （7.57±1.89） L/s （all P < 0.001）， respectively. ACT score showed a 100% good control rate after 1-year case management， with a complete control rate of 69.7%. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in symptom control based on gender or allergic rhinitis history （F = 0.575， P = 0.681； F = 2.317， P = 0.059）. There was interaction between age group and case management time. At 6-month case management， the ACT score of patients aged≥ 60 years old was significantly lower than those of patients ≤ 44 years old and 45-59 years old （both P < 0.05）. The proportion of inhaled drug usage rate and accuracy rate of using inhalation medication devices at 1-， 3-， 6- and 12-month case management was 98.8%， 86.8%， 68.0%， 51.4% and 98.8%， 100%， 100%， 100%， respectively. Conclusion The case management model can significantly improve both the usage rate and correct usage rate of inhaled medication device， enhance symptom control rate， and promote lung function recovery.

Objective To summarize the research progress and hotspots of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and predict future research directions in this field. Methods Literature related to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection （WoSCC） database from 2003 to 2024. VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used for bibliometric visual analysis. Results A total of 3，256 articles from 3，254 institutions in 77 countries were included， primarily from the USA and China. Since 2017， research in this field has entered a rapid development phase. The journal with the highest publication volume on cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is Sleep， which is also the most cited journal， with a total of 13，349 authors contributing to these papers； “sleep quality”“acupuncture treatment”“mental health”“novel coronavirus pneumonia”“pregnancy”“quality of life”are current research hotspots and trends in this field. Conclusion Over the past 21 years， cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia has developed rapidly， and future trends and research hotspots in this field may focus on “acupuncture treatment” and “mental health”.

Orthodontic tooth movement is a series of highly ordered dentin-periodontal membrane-alveolar bone remodeling processes mediated by orthodontic forces. The adaptive responses of the periodontal cellular microenvironment （including extracellular matrix， cell membrane， cytoskeleton， cellular nuclear proteins， and genome） involve the local synthesis and release of various key cytokines. In this study， we reviewed the recent relevant literature in recent years， and organized cytokines with potential clinical applications from various types of cells involved in the orthodontic process， focusing on the roles of various factors in the mechanical force of orthodontic tooth movement-cell signaling process， with the aim of assisting researchers to carry out preclinical studies.

Objective To explore the effect of Rhinitis Formula No. 1 combined with Seretide on the treatment of allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma， aiming to provide a new clinical basis for the application of Lingnan Traditional Chinese Medicine in the integrated treatment of nasal and lung diseases. Methods One hundred and forty patients who met the combined diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and asthma were randomly divided into the Western Medicine group and the Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） combined with Western Medicine group， with 70 cases in each group. The Western Medicine group received routine treatment with Seretide. The TCM and Western Medicine group， in addition to Seretide， was administered Rhinitis Formula No. 1 （consisting of 15 g Codonopsis pilosula， 6 g Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch， 10 g Terminalia chebula Retz， 10 g Platycodon grandiflorus， 3 g Asarum sieboldii， 10 g Schizonepeta tenuifolia， 15 g Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata， 10 g Poria cocos， 3 g Ramulus Cinnamomi， 6 g dried tangerine peel， 6 g Morinda officinalis， and 10 g smoked plum） once daily， divided into two doses. Both groups were continuously observed for two weeks. The two groups were compared based on the self-developed TCM Symptom Scale Score， Total Nasal Symptom Score （TNSS）， Total Nasal and Non-Nasal Symptom Score （TNNSS）， Asthma Control Test Scores（ACT） ， indicators of immune function and inflammation，and adverse reactions before and after treatment. Results In the Western Medicine group， 7 patients dropped out， and in the TCM combined with Western Medicine group， 5 patients dropped out. The patients who dropped out were included in the safety analysis but were not included in the statistical analysis of efficacy. The general data of the two groups was comparable， and there were no significant differences in the TCM Symptom Scale Scores， TNSS， TNNSS and ACT before treatment between the two groups （all P > 0.05）. After treatment， the TCM Symptom Scale Scores （P < 0.001）， TNSS （P < 0.001）， and TNNSS （P = 0.001） in the TCM combined with Western Medicine group were lower than those in the Western Medicine group， while the ACT in the TCM combined with Western Medicine group was higher than those in the Western Medicine group （all P < 0.05）.The improvements in TCM Symptom Scale Scores， TNSS， TNNSS， and ACT in the TCM combined with Western Medicine group were superior to those in the Western Medicine group （all P < 0.05）. After treatment， the levels of IgA and IgG in both groups were higher than pretherapy， while the level of IgE was lower than pretherapy； the levels of IgA and IgG in the TCM combined with Western Medicine group were higher than those in the Western Medicine group， and the level of IgE was lower than that in the Western Medicine group （all P < 0.05）. After treatment， the levels of IL-10 in both groups were higher than pretherapy， and the levels of IL-6 and IL-17 were lower than pretherapy； the level of IL-10 in the TCM combined with Western Medicine group was higher than that in the Western Medicine group， and the levels of IL-6 and IL-17 were lower than those in the Western Medicine group（all P < 0.05）.There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between two groups （P = 0.753）. Conclusions Compared to the use of seretide alone， the combination of Rhinitis Formula No. 1 with Seretide demonstrates superior efficacy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma.

Lung cancer is not only one of the most common malignancies，but also has the highest mortality rate worldwide，among which non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC）is the most common subtype. Radiation therapy is one of the main treatments for patients with advanced NSCLC，and the resistance generated during long-term treatment is the key to radiation therapy failure and poor prognosis. With the widespread application of whole genome and RNA sequencing technology and the in-depth exploration of the biological functions of non-coding RNA（ncRNA），there is growing evidence that ncRNA are key regulators in tumorigenesis and development，and different ncRNAs play a role in promoting or inhibiting tumor radioresistance，which are expected to become a useful markers for tumor diagnosis and new targets for tumor treatment. In this article，recent research progress in ncRNA such as microRNA（miRNA），long non-coding RNA（lncRNA），and circular RNA（circRNA）in the radioresistance of NSCLC was reviewed.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of remimazolam besylate combined with esketamine in outpatient colonoscopy in patients with hypertension. Methods A total of 48 hypertensive patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy at the Ordos Central Hospital in 2023 were enrolled. The patients sequentially received 2% lidocaine 0.5 mg/kg and esketamine 0.15 mg/kg，followed by either remimazolam besylate 0.15-0.25 mg/kg（R group）or propofol 1-2 mg/kg（P group）for induction. Continuous infusion of remimazolam besylate at 1-2 mg/（kg·h）（R group）or propofol at 2-4 mg/（kg·h）（P group）was administered to maintain sedation. Differences between the two groups were observed and compared in terms of mean arterial pressure（MAP），heart rate（HR），respiratory rate（RR），and pulse oxygen saturation（SpO₂），perioperative time indicators（induction time，operation time，resuscitation time and discharge time），and sedation indicators [bispectral index（BIS），the Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation（MOAA/S）score，and the Ramsay sedation score]. Adverse events were also recorded. Results At 5 minutes after colonoscopy（T6），the MAP in the R group was higher than that in the P group [（95.7±2.8）mmHg vs.（92.5±3.0）mmHg，P < 0.05]. From the beginning to the end of the procedure（T3-T5），HR，RR，myocardial oxygen consumption，and BIS values were also higher in the R group（all P < 0.05）and all the above indicators remain within the normal range. Moreover，the R group perioperative minimum SpO₂ is significantly higher than that of P group [（96.1±2.0）% vs.（94.0±2.4）%，P < 0.05]，and postoperative recovery quality score is higher than P group[（144.0±3.5）vs.（140.9±3.8），P < 0.05]，the rate of injection pain in R group is lower than P group（0% vs. 23.1 %，P < 0.05）. However，the induction [（4.4±1.2）s vs.（3.7±1.1）s] and resuscitation times [（4.4±1.2）s vs.（3.7±1.1）s] were prolonged in the R group（both P < 0.05）. There was no significant difference in the success rate of induction between the two groups（90.9% vs. 96.2%，P > 0.05）. Conclusions In outpatient colonoscopy for patients with hypertension，remimazolam besylate and propofol，when combined with esketamine，provide comparable sedative efficacy. However，remimazolam besylate is associated with less injection pain and more stable hemodynamics，suggesting it may serve as a preferable option in this population.

Objective To investigate the status of shift work disorder （SWD） and influencing factors in medical staff， aiming to improve individual sleep cognition and sleep behavior of medical staffs and enhance the quality of shift work sleep， thereby optimizing medical service system and benefiting the patients. Methods Five hundred medical staff were selected by random sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey of SWD in four dimensions including the situation of waking up early and unable to fall back to sleep， the perceived comfort of waking up during night shift， the possibility of dozing off during night shift， and the situation of dozing off or falling asleep while driving after at least 2 days rest during night shift. Influencing factors of SWD were analyzed from these four dimensions by using univariate and multivariate binary Logistic regression analyses. Results Among 500 respondents， 88.2% of them experienced the situation of waking up early and unable to fall back to sleep during night shift in the past month， 88.0% for those with decreased perceived comfort of waking up during night shift in the past month， 85.2% with the possibility of dozing off during night shift in the past month and 56.0% with the situation of dozing off or falling asleep while driving after at least 2 days rest during night shift in the past month， respectively. According to the risk of SWD in all respondents， 72% of them had high-risk SWD and the remaining 28% had low-risk SWD. Multivariate binary Logistic regression analysis showed that martial status （P = 0.011 for overall test； OR = 2.322，95%CI： 1.328-4.058，P = 0.003 for married versus single）， and intake of hypnotics during non-night shift （OR = 5.678， 95%CI： 1.350-23.872， P = 0.018） were both influencing factors of waking up early and unable to fall back to sleep during night shift. Stress （OR =3.732， 95%CI： 1.072-12.996， P = 0.039） and intake of hypnotics during non-night shift （OR = 5.731， 95%CI： 1.367-24.031， P = 0.017） were influencing factors of decreased perceived comfort of waking up during night shift. Exercise （OR = 0.540， 95%CI： 0.325-0.895， P = 0.017） and stress （OR = 5.246， 95%CI： 1.616-17.025， P = 0.006） were influencing factors of dozing off during night shift. Marital status （P = 0.043 for overall test； OR = 1.509， 95%CI： 1.024-2.224，P = 0.037 for married versus single）， duration of light exposure （P = 0.003 for overall test； OR = 0.410， 95%CI： 0.208-0.825， P = 0.012 for 3~<6 h versus <1 h light exposure） and nap during night shift （OR = 0.640， 95%CI： 0.422-0.972， P = 0.036） were protective factors of dozing off while driving after at least 2 days rest. Conclusions SWD is relatively common in medical staff， especially the married and those who take hypnotics during non-night shift are at a higher risk of SWD. Relieving stress， increasing appropriate exercise， increasing nap and light exposure for 3~<6 h during night shift may help improve the quality of sleep.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of oral clinical manifestation and risk factors of patients infected with novel corona virus （COVID-19）. Methods A total of 649 COVID-19 patients admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from December 2022 to June 2023 were enrolled. All patients were divided into the young （18-40 years）， middle-aged （41-65 years） and elderly groups （> 65 years） according to age. The changes in oral clinical manifestation and related risk factors during COVID-19 infection were investigated and analyzed. Results Among 649 infected patients， 231 were male and 418 were female， with an average age of （42.69±12.55） years. Except loose teeth， the differences were statistically significant in the incidence of other oral clinical manifestation during the positive and negative periods （all P < 0.05）. After age grouping， there were significant differences in the incidence of taste disorder （young group vs. elderly group， middle-aged group vs. elderly group）， pulpitis/apical periodontitis （young group vs. middle-aged group）， gingival swelling and pain （middle-aged group vs. elderly group）， gingival itching and swelling （middle-aged group vs. elderly group）， dry mouth （middle-aged group vs. elderly group， young group vs. elderly group）， and oral ulcers （middle-aged group vs. elderly group， young group vs. elderly group） during the positive period （all P < 0.017）. During the period of negative conversion， there were significant differences in the incidence of gingival swelling and pain （young group vs. middle-aged group， young group vs. elderly group）， dry mouth （middle-aged group vs. elderly group， young group vs. elderly group）， and oral ulcers （middle-aged group vs. elderly group） （all P < 0.017）. After gender grouping， in the positive period， the incidence of taste disorder and dry mouth in the female patients was significantly higher than that of male counterparts （both P < 0.05）， whereas the incidence of tongue discomfort in male patients was significantly higher compared with that of female patients （P < 0.05）. During the negative conversion period， there was a significant difference in the incidence of taste disorder between two genders （P < 0.05）， and the incidence of other oral manifestation did not significantly differ between two genders （all P > 0.05）. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses showed that both female gender and hypertension were the risk factors for the changes of oral clinical manifestation in COVID-19 patients （both P < 0.05）. The drugs taken by patients during COVID-19 infection were not associated with the changes of oral clinical manifestation （all P > 0.05）. Conclusions Oral clinical manifestation probably differ during different stages of COVID-19 infection， which might be associated with gender and age， etc. Extensive attention should be paid to oral hygiene of COVID-19 patients. For patients with high risk factors （female gender and hypertension）， oral hygiene education should be strengthened and specific preventive measures and guidance should be delivered， aiming to maintain and improve their oral hygiene conditions.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma， aiming to provide basis for integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment for allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma. Methods After preliminary screening of traditional Chinese medicine constitution identification of allergic patients in the allergic WeChat applet of Gamma on Cloud， patients with allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma or other allergic diseases receiving multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment of Department of Allergy of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2020 to May 2024 were selected. General data such as gender and age， constitution of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma were collected and retrospectively analyzed. According to the new concept of “allergic 5A grading diagnosis and treatment” proposed by the team from Department of Allergy， all patients were divided into three groups： 2A patient group （ allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma）， 3A patient group （allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma， and any of atopic dermatitis， allergic conjunctivitis or food allergy） and 4A or 5A patient group （allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma， and any two or three of atopic dermatitis， allergic conjunctivitis or food allergy）. Results There were 42 patients in the 2A group， 18 males and 24 females， aged （26.4±16.6） years old， 40 patients in the 3A patient group， 19 males and 21 females， aged （25.0±15.5） years old， and 8 patients in the 4A or 5A patient group， 5 males and 3 females， aged （15.5±13.2） years old， respectively. In the 2A patient group， the most frequent constitutions were yang-deficiency constitution （n = 17）， qi-deficiency constitution （n = 14） and inherited special constitution （n = 11）. In the 3A patient group， the most common constitutions were qi-deficiency constitution （n = 23）， inherited special constitution （n = 16） and yang-deficiency constitution （n = 9 ）. In the 4A or 5A patient group， the most prevalent constitutions were qi-deficiency constitution （n = 6） and inherited special constitution （n = 4）. Fisher’s exact test found that there were differences in the distribution of yang-deficiency constitution among all groups （all P < 0.05）. In terms of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes， the most common traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in the 2A patient group were yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome （n = 10）， wind-cold-dampness syndrome （n = 8） and lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome （n = 6）. The most common traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of 3A patients were lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome （n = 12）， yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome （n = 7） and wind-cold-dampness syndrome （n = 6）. The most common traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of 4A or 5A patients was lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome （n = 5）. There were differences in the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes among the three groups （all P < 0.05）. The difference between 2A patients and 4A or 5A patients was statistically significant （P < 0.001）. The difference between 3A patients and 4A or 5A patients was also statistically significant （P < 0.001）. Conclusions The most common constitutions of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma are yang-deficiency constitution， qi-deficiency constitution and inherited special constitution. The most prevalent traditional Chinese medicine syndromes are yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome， wind-cold-dampness syndrome and lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome. There are differences in the distribution of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome among patients with different grades of allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma.

Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of nutritional deficits during the immediate postoperative period following radical resection surgery for oral cancer and to analyze its impact on the short-term recovery of surgical patients. Methods Nutritional support data of 87 oral cancer patients early after radical resection surgery （1 to 10 d after surgery） in Guangzhou First People’s Hospital between January 2018 and March 2024 were collected. Patients were divided into the nutritional adequacy and nutritional inadequacy groups according to the average daily nutritional intake. Relevant factors were statistically compared between two groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify influencing factors of nutritional deficits. The length of stay and incidence of postoperative complications， such as partial or total flap loss and surgical site infection， were also compared between two groups. Results Only 23.0% （20/87） of oral cancer patients achieved nutritional adequacy during the follow-up period. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that nutritional inadequacy was associated with ideal body weight （OR=5.308， 95%CI： 1.103-25.551， P = 0.037） and the actual nutritional intake （OR=0.897， 95%CI： 0.809-0.994， P = 0.038）. The length of stay in the nutritional adequacy group was significantly shorter compared to that in the nutritional inadequacy group （21 d vs. 24 d， P = 0.030）. The difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups was not statistically significant（15.0% vs. 35.8%，P =0.077）. Conclusions Inadequate nutritional intake is common in oral cancer patients early after radical resection surgery. Patients with higher ideal body weight and less actual nutritional intake are prone to nutritional deficits. Adequate nutrition contributes to promoting recovery and significantly shortening the length of hospital stay. Medical staff should consider individual energy needs when planning nutritional care， and effectively improve the actual nutritional intake of patients.

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo （BPPV） is a common external vestibular disease with a high recurrence rate. Currently， the main treatment for this disease is manual reduction， but some patients still have residual dizziness after successful reduction. Therefore， the exploration of more effective treatment methods has become an important direction of clinical research. This paper analyzes the relevant literature in recent years to describe the status quo of research on the treatment of residual dizziness after BPPV reduction at home and abroad from the perspectives of Western medicine manual reduction， drug treatment， vestibule rehabilitation training， traditional Chinese medicine， external Chinese medicine and combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment. It aims to provide reference for more effective treatment methods of combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine， reduce the recurrence rate of patients and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective To elucidate the role of C-type lectin domain family 7 member A （CLEC7A） in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma （HGSOC） and its underlying mechanisms. Methods Using the Cancer Genome Atlas-Ovarian Cancer （CGA-OV） dataset， combined with transcriptional regulatory network analysis and master regulator analysis （MRA）， the impact of CLEC7A on immune-related genes in HGSOC was determined. Pathway enrichment analysis and validation identified the regulatory mechanism of CLEC7A on the Janus Kinase （JAK）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） pathway. The GSE184880 single-cell sequencing dataset was analyzed to reveal differences in immune cell proportions and cellular communication between CLEC7A low-expression and high-expression HGSOC tumors. Paraffin-embedded tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues， along with clinicopathological data， were collected from 70 HGSOC and 70 ovarian clear cell carcinoma （OCCC） patients diagnosed and surgically treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China/Anhui Provincial Hospital between January 2017 and December 2022. Differences in prognostic factors between HGSOC and OCCC were compared. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression levels of CLEC7A and PD-L1 in HGSOC， OCCC， and corresponding adjacent tissues. A short hairpin RNA （shRNA） vector targeting CLEC7A was constructed to assess changes in the proliferation and apoptosis of HGSOC cells both after CLEC7A inhibition. In a mouse tumor model with high CLEC7A expression， the proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells （MDSCs） and CD8⁺ T cells， as well as the functional changes of MDSCs， were observed. Results Transcriptional regulatory network analysis revealed that forkhead box protein P3 （FOXP3） and CLEC7A both regulate immune-related genes. CLEC7A was not only correlated with overall patient survival but also highly expressed in HGSOC tumor tissues（all P <0.05）. Knockdown of CLEC7A promoted apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of HGSOC cell lines both in vitro and in vivo （all P < 0.05）. CLEC7A regulated the expression of programmed death ligand-1 （PD-L1） through the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. In CLEC7A high-expressing tumor tissues， the proportion of CD8⁺ T cells decreased， while the proportion of MDSCs increased， and the functionality of MDSCs was enhanced （all P < 0.05）. Conclusion CLEC7A induces PD-L1 expression in HGSOC， promotes HGSOC proliferation， and activates immunosuppressive signaling pathways， potentially leading to the malignant growth of HGSOC.

Objective To evaluate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy （ACT） on the psychological intervention of Asperger syndrome children aged 7-10 years. Methods A total of 60 Asperger syndrome children admitted to the Third Hospital of Fuzhou from January 1， 2023 to December 31， 2023 were enrolled and divided into the ACT （n = 30） and control groups （n = 30） using the random number table method. Children in the control group were given with health psychological education， and those in the ACT group received ACT on the basis of health psychological education. All children were investigated by using Aberrant Behavior Checklist （ABC）， Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders （SCARED）， Self-Rating Scale Depressive Disorder in Childhood （DSRSC）， Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2nd Edition （AAQ-Ⅱ）， Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire-Fusion （CFQ-F）， General Self-Efficacy Scale （GSES） before and after corresponding interventions and on-the-spot assessment. Results After interventions， the scores of ABC， DSRSC， SCARED， AAQ-Ⅱ and CFQ-F in the ACT group were lower than those before interventions and those in the control group after intervention， while the GSES score in the ACT group was higher than that before interventions and that in the control group after interventions， and the differences were statistically significant （all P < 0.05）. In the control group， no statistical significance was found in the scores of ABC， DSRSC， SCARED， GSES， AAQ-Ⅱ and CFQ-F before and after interventions （all P > 0.05）. The social interaction， verbal ability and total scores after intervention were lower than those before intervention in the ACT group （all P < 0.05）. In the ACT group， there was a negative correlation between self-efficiency score of GSES with DSRSC and SCARED scores （both P < 0.05）， and the experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion scores of AAQ-Ⅱ were positively correlated with the ABC scores （both P < 0.05）. Conclusions ACT can improve the psychological resilience of Asperger syndrome children aged 7-10 years， enhance their ability to deal with various stresses in life， alleviate the degree of experiential avoidance and cognitive integration and improve their social skills， which yields better overall effect than routine psychological health education.

This paper reviews the role of innate lymphoid cells （ILC2s） in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and explores the evidence for acupuncture’s regulatory effects on ILC2s in asthma treatment. Preliminary findings suggest that acupuncture may mitigate airway inflammation， curb airway hyperresponsiveness， and enhance airway remodeling in asthma patients by modulating ILC2 secretion and migration. Despite these insights， several challenges remain， including the unclear pathways through which ILC2s are regulated by acupuncture in asthma， a scarcity of animal experiments and clinical studies， and a lack of understanding regarding how acupuncture might improve the mechanisms underlying hormone-resistant asthma via the ILC2 pathway.

Objective To investigate the infection status and clinicopathological characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus（EBV）and human papillomavirus（HPV）in oral squamous cell carcinoma（OSCC）in Guangzhou，China. Methods A total of 304 OSCC specimens were collected from Guangzhou，including 123 cases from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University（January 2014 to December 2024）and 181 cases from Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University（January 2017 to December 2018）. Polymerase Chain Reaction（PCR）was used to detect viral DNA，in situ hybridization was used to assess EBV-encoded RNAs（EBER），and immunohistochemistry was performed to identify viral-related proteins and determine the type of infection. Results Among the 304 OSCC specimens，26.3%（80/304）were EBV-PCR positive，with 63.8%（51/80）diagnosed at TNM stage I/II. Compared with EBV-negative cases，the difference in tumor staging was statistically significant（P = 0.042）. Among the EBV-PCR-positive OSCC cases，the EBER-positive rate was 33.8%（27/80），with 92.6%（25/27）localized in the cytoplasm. The detection rates of EBV-encoded nuclear antigen-1（EBNA-1），latent membrane protein-1（LMP-1），and EBV-encoded nuclear antigen-2（EBNA-2）were 83.8%（67/80），81.3%（65/80），and 56.3%（45/80），respectively，while the lytic protein ZEBRA was not detected. Type III latent infection accounted for 41.3%（33/80）. In contrast，HPV DNA was detected in only 2.6%（8/304）of OSCC cases，among which two were p16-IHC positive. Only one case of OSCC showed EBV-HPV coinfection. Conclusions Based on samples collected from Sun Yat-sen University affiliated hospitals，EBV infection is relatively prevalent in OSCC cases in Guangzhou，mainly characterized by type III latency and cytoplasmic localization of EBER，suggesting a potential role of EBV in the pathogenesis of OSCC. In contrast，HPV-related OSCC appears to be rare and likely plays a limited pathogenic role.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a brain functional neuroimaging technology， which is widely used in the research and clinical diagnosis of neurological diseases. Near-infrared technology can measure tissue oxygenation status and hemodynamic parameters non-invasively， providing a new tool for diagnosis， treatment and monitoring of neurological diseases. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the application progress of near-infrared technology in central nervous system diseases in recent years， and discuss its potential clinical significance， including the application in different neurological diseases and the application prospect in neurological rehabilitation， so as to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.